内容简介
Updated discussion and evaluation of current theories such as connectionism (neural net modes)
Thorough exploration of the development of behavioristic and cognitive theories
New material on evolutionary psychology and biology, Vygotsky, and theories of memory
Helpful, clearly labeled appraisal sections following each major theory
A story that opens each chapter plus Objective commentary throughout by "the Old Man" to focus your attention, maintain your interest, and enrich your understanding of each theory
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目录
Read This First xi
导读 xv
Part One
The First Words: Science and Theory
Chapter1 Human Learning: Science and Theory
This Chapter
Objectives
Psychology and Learning
Learning
Performance Versus Learning
Theory
Theories, Principles, Laws, and Beliefs
Purposes of Theories
Characteristics of Good Theories
Science and the Development of Psychological Theories
What Is Science?
Rules of the Scientific Method
Experiments
Thinking Critically About Psychological Research
Human and Nonhuman Subjects
Ethics of Animal Research
Humans as Subjects
Learning Theory: A Brief Overview
Recent Origins of Learning Theory
Review of the Text
Summary
Mostly Behavioristic Theories
Chapter 2 Pavlov, Watson, and Guthrie: Early Behaviorism
This Chapter
Objectives
The Beginning of Scientific Psychology
Early Psychophysics
Ivan P. Pavlov (1849-1936)
Classical Conditioning
Explanations for Stimulus-Response Associations
Variations in Contiguity
Acquisition, Extinction, and recovery
Pavlov''''s Classical Conditioning: An Appraisal
John B. Watson (1878-1958)
Behaviorism
A Classical Conditioning Explanation of Learning
Emotional Learning
Transfer
Watson''''s Environmentalism
Higher Learning
Applying Watson''''s Psychology
Watson''''s Behaviorism: An Appraisal
Edwin Guthrie (1886-1959)
Guthrie''''s Law of One-shot Learning
Practice
Movement Produced Stimuli(MPS)
Habits
Forgetting
Reward and Punishment
Practical Applications of Guthrie''''s Theory
Breaking Habits
Guthrie''''s One-Shot Learning: An Appraisal
Early Behavioristic Theories: Evaluation
Summary
Chapter 3 Thorndike and Hull: The Effects of Behavior
This Chapter
Objectives
Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949)
Animal Intelligence
Contiguity or Reinforcement
Thorndike''''s Pre-1930s theory
Subsidiary Laws
Thorndike''''s Post-1930 Theory
Thorndike''''s Connectionism: An Appraisal
Clark L. Hull (1884-1952)
Hull''''s System: An Overview
Main Components of Hull''''s System
Graphic Summary of Hull''''s System
Input Variables: Predictors
Intervening Variables
Output Variables: The Predicted
Fractional Antedating goal reactions
Habit-Family Hierarchies
Hull''''s Formal Behaviorism: An Appraisal
Summary
Chapter 4 Skinner''''s Radical Behaviorism: Operant Chonditioning
This Chapter
Objectives
Is Skinner''''s Radical Behaviorism Antitheoretical?
Overview of Skinner''''s Radical Behaviorism
Reinforcement
Types of Reinforcement
Punishment
Illustrations of Reinforcement and Punishment
Sources of reinforcement
Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous or Intermittent Reinforcement
Effects of Reinforcement Schedules
Schedules of Reinforcement in Everyday Life
Shaping
Chainning
Shaping and People
Fading, Generalization, and Discrimination
Illustration 1: Pigeons Reading
Illustration 2: Quail Loving
Relevance to Human Learning
the Science Applied to Humans
Control Through Positive Contingencies
Control through Negative Contingencies
Imitation and Operant Conditioning
Sources of Reinforcement in Imitation
Three Effects of Models
Behavior Management
Positive reinforcement and Punishment
Counterconditioning
Extinction
Imitation
Skinner''''s Position: An Appraisal
Contributions
Exaluation as a Theory
Some Philosophical Objections
Summary
Chapter 5 Learning and Biology: Evolutionary Psychology
This Chapter
Objectives
Learning Taste Aversions
Conditioning Explanations of Taste Aversion
The Phenomenon of Blocking
Evlutionary Psychology
Autoshaping
Instinctive Drift
Biological Constraints in Evolutionary Psychology
Sociobiology: A Branch of Evolutionary Psychology
Inclusive Fitness and Altruism
Criticisms of Sociobiology
Evolutionary Psychology: An Appraisal
Biofeedback: A Practical Application of Conditioning
Theories
Operant Conditioning and Autonomic Responses
How Biofeedback Works
The Beginning of a Transition
Summary
Part Three
The Beginnings of Modern Cognitivism
Chapter 6 Hebb, Tolman, and the Gestaltists: Toward Modern Cognitivism
This Chapter
Objectives
Hebb''''s Theory: A Look at Higher Mental Processes
Higher Mental Processes
The Neurological Basis of Learning
Components and functioning of the Central Nervous System
Possible Neurological Changes Underlying Learning
Hebb''''s Neurophysiological Assumptions
Reactivity and Plasticity
Mediating Processes: Hypotheses and Assumptions
Hebb''''s View of Learning and Thinking
Set and Attention
Hebb''''s Theory: An Appraisal
From Behaviorism to Cognitivism
Mechanistic Behaviorism
Tolman''''s Purposive Behaviorism
Do Rats Have Purpose?
Four Summary Principles
Tolman''''s Purposive Behaviorism: An Appraisal
Basic Beliefs of Gestalt Psychology
Insight Versus Trial and Error
The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts
Gestalt Theory: The Laws of Perception
Gestalt Views of Learning and Memory
Beyond Perception: The Psychological Field
Gestalt Psychology and Contemporary Cognitivism
Gestalt Psychology: An Appraisal
Metaphors in Psychology
Metaphors in Behaviorism
Metaphors in Cognitivism
Summary
Part Four
Mostly Cognitive Theories
Chapter 7 Bruner and Piaget: Two Cognitive Theories
This Chapter
Objectives
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitivism and Behaviorism Compared
The Main Metaphor of Cognitive Psychology
Bruner''''s Theory: Going Beyond the Information Given
Evolution of the Brain
Maladaptive Brains
Evolution of Mental Representation
Representation and Cognitive Theory
A Theory of representation: Categorization
Summary of Categorization
Decision Making
Coding Systems
Concept Attainment
Strategies for Concept Attainment
Strategies in Real Life
Research on Concept Formation
Developmental Trends in Concept Learning
Category Boundaries
Abstraction
Bruner''''s Position: An Appraisal
Educational Implications
Jean Piaget: A Developmental-Cognitive Postition
A Different Approach: The Methode Clinique
Theoretical Orientation
Adaptation Results From Assimilation and Accommodation
Play
Imitation
Intelligence
A Stage Theory
Sensorimotor Development: Birth to 2 Years
Preoperational Thinking: 2 to 7 Years
Operations
Concrete Operations: 7 to 11 or 12 Years
Formal Operations: After 11 or 12 Years
Piaget''''s Theory as a Theory of Learning
Instructional Implications
Related Research
Piaget''''s Position: An Appraisal
Summary
Chapter 8 Neural Networks: The New Connectionism
This Chapter
Objectives
Artificial Intelligence and Computer Simulation
Making Computers Smarter
Can Machines Think? The Turing Test
The Computer and the Brain
People and Machines: The Computer Metaphor
A New Metaphor
Two Computer-Based Models
Symbolic Models
Connectionist Models
Neural Networks
The PDP Model
Neural Network Models
Connectionist Models: An Appraisal
Some Cautions and Weaknesses
A Field in Progress
Summary
Chapter 9 Learning and Remembering: Models of Memory
This Chapter
Objectives
Metaphors in the Study of Memory
Attention, Memory, and Learning
Memory: Basic Concepts and Definitions
Defining Memory
Early Memory Research
The Modal Model of Memory
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Short-Term and Long-Term Memory Compared
Types of Long-Term Memory
Explicit (Declarative) Versus Implicit
(Nondeclarative) Memory
Two Kinds of Declarative Memory
Models of Declarative Long-Term Memory
Physiology of Memory
The Engram
Rat Brain and Plannaria Studies
Amnesiacs and Brain Injuries
A Connectionist View
Forgetting
Fading Theory
Distortion Theory
Repression Theory
Interference Theory
retrieval-Cue Failure
Remembering
Rehearsal
Elaboration
Organization
Systems for Remembering
Summary
Chapter 10 Motives: Behavior''''s Reasons and Causes
This Chapter
Objectives
The Meaning of Motivation
reflexes, Instincts, and Imprinting
Reflexes
Instincts
Imprinting
Psychological Hedonism
Drive Reduction and Incentives
Nedds and Drives
Physiological and Psychological Needs
Need/ Drive Positions: An Appraisal
Incentives
Arousal Theory
Arousal: Measuring Motivation
The Yerkes- Dodson Law
Hebb''''s Arousal Theory
Sources of Arousal
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Attribution Theory
Self-Efficacy
Applications of Motivation Theory
Predicting Behavior
Controlling and Changing Behavior
Motivation in the Classroom
Summary
Part Five
The Last Words: Summary
Chapter 11 Analysis, Synthesis, and Integration
This Chapter
Order and Chaos
Lies and Oversimplifications
Objectives
Major Divisions in Learning theory
Theory Summaries
Mostly Behavioristic Positions
A Transition: Hints of Modern Cognitivism
The Gestaltists
Cognitivism
Factors Affecting Learning
Synthesis and Appraisal
Strengths and Weaknesses
Three Integrations
Albert Bandura: Behavior Control Systems
Robert Gagne: Outcomes of Learning
Ferome Bruner: Models of the Learner
The Last Word
Summary
Lefrangois''''s Epilogue
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
Photo Credits
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