目录
目 录 1 Introduction 1 l.l The Electrical/Electronics Industry l l.2 A Brief History 2 l.3 Units of Measurement 7 l.4 Systems of Units 8 l.5 Significant Figures, Accuracy, and Rounding Off 11 l.6 Powers of Ten l2 l.7 Conversion between Levels of Powers of Ten l8 l.8 Conversion within and between Systems of Units l9 l.9 Symbols 21 l.10 Conversion Tables 22 l.l1 Calculators 22 l.l2 Computer Analysis 25 2 Current and Voltage 31 2.l Atoms and Their Structure 3l 2.2 Current 33 2.3 Voltage 36 2.4 Fixed dc Supplies 39 2.5 Conductors and Insulators 46 2.6 Semiconductors 48 2.7 Ammeters and Voltmeters 48 2.8 Applications 50 2.9 Computer Analysis 55 3 Resistance 59 3.l Introduction 59 3.2 Resistance: Circular Wires 60 3.3 Wire Tables 63 3.4 Resistance: Metric Units 65 3.5 Temperature Effects 67 3.6 Superconductors 7l 3.7 Types of Resistors 76 3.8 Color Coding and Standard Resistor Values 80 3.9 Conductance 82 3.10 Ohmmeters 83 3.11 Thermistors 84 3.12 Photoconductive Cell 85 3.13 Varistors 85 3.14 Applications 86 4 Ohm''''s Law Power. and Energy 95 4.1 Ohm''''s Law 95 4.2 Plotting Ohm''''s Law 97 4.3 Power l00 4.4 Wattmeters l03 4.5 Efficiency l03 4.6 Energy l06 4''''7 Circuit Breakers, GFCIs, and Fuses 110 4.8 Applications 111 4.9 Computer Analysis 116 5 Series Circuits 125 5.1 Introduction l25 5.2 Series Circuits l26 5.3 Voltage Sources in Series l29 5.4 Kirchhoff''''s Voltage Law l29 5.5 Interchanging Series Elements l33 5.6 Voltage Divider Rule l34 5.7 Notation l36 5.8 Internal Resistance of Voltage Sources l4l 5.9 Voltage Regulation 144 5.10 Measurement Techniques l45 5.11 Applications l47 5.12 Computer Analysis l50 6 ParalleI Circuits 167 6.1 Introduction 167 6.2 Parallel Elements l67 6.3 Total Conductance and Resistance l68 6.4 Parallel Networks l75 6.5 Xirchhoff''''s Current Law l77 6.6 Current Divider Rule l80 6.7 Voltage Sources in Parallel l84 6.8 Open and Short Circuits l85 6.9 Voltmeters: Loading Effect l88 6.10 Troubleshooting Techniques l89 6.11 Applications l90 6.12 Computer Analysis l95 7 Series-Parallel Networks 207 7.1 Series-Parallel Networks 207 7.2 DeScriptive Examples 2l2 7.3 Ladder Networks 217 7.4 Voltage DiVider Supply Unloaded and Loaded 2l9 7.5 Potentiometer Loading 222 7.6 Ammeter, Voltmeter, and Ohmmeter Design 223 7.7 Grounding 227 7.8 Applications 230 7.9 Computer Analysis 234 8 Methods of Analysis and SeIected Topics dc 249 8.1 Introduction 249 8.2 Current Sources 249 8.3 Source Conversions 25l 8.4 Current Sources in Parallel 254 8.5 Current Sources in Series 255 8.6 Branch-Current Analysis 255 8.7 Mesh Analysis General Approach 261 8.8 Mesh Analysis Format Approach 267 8.9 Nodal Analysis General Approach 271 8.10 Nodal Analysis Format Approach 278 8.11 Bridge Networks 283 8.12 Y- T- and -Y -T Conversions 287 8.13 Applications 292 8.14 Computer Analysis 299 9 Network Theorems 315 9.1 Introduction 3l5 9.2 Superposition Theorem 3l5 9.3 Thevenin''''s Theorem 322 9.4 Norton''''s Theorem 332 9.5 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 336 9.6 Millman''''s Theorem 345 9.7 Substitution Theorem 348 9.8 Reciprocity Theorem 350 9.9 Applications 351 9.10 Computer Analysis 353 10 Capacitors 369 10.1 Introduction 369 10.2 The Electric Field 369 10.3 Capacitance 373 10.4 Dielectric Strength 376 10.5 Leakage Current 377 10.6 Types of Capacitors 377 10.7 Transients in Capacitive Networks: Charging Phase 382 10.8 Discharge Phase 388 10.9 Initial Values 393 10.10 Instantaneous Values 396 10.11 T = RTHC 397 l0.12 The Current iC 400 10.13 Capacitors in Series and Parallel 402 l0.l4 Energy Stored by a Capacitor 406 l0.l5 Stray Capacitances 407 10.16 Applications 407 l0.l7 Computer Analysis 4l4 11 Magnetic Circuits 427 l1.1 lntroduction 427 ll.2 Magnetic Fields 428 ll.3 Flux Density 430 11.4 Permeability 43l ll.5 Reluctance 432 l1.6 Ohm''''s Law for Magnetic Circuits 432 l1.7 Magnetizing Force 433 ll.8 Hysteresis 434 l1.9 Ampere''''s Circuital Law 439 ll.10 The Flux 440 ll.11 Series Magnetic Circuits: Determining NI 440 ll.12 Air Gaps 444 ll.13 Series-Parallel Magnetic Circuits 446 l1.14 Determining 448 ll.15 Applications 450 12 Inductors 465 l2.l Introduction 465 l2.2 Faraday''''s Law of Electromagnetic Induction 465 l2.3 Lenz''''s Law 466 l2.4 Self-Inductance 466 l2.5 Types of Inductors 467 l2.6 Induced Voltage 470 12.7 R-L Transients: Storage Cycle 473 l2.8 R-L Transients: Decay Phase 477 12.9 Initial Values 480 l2.10 Instantaneous Values 483 l2.11 T = L/RTh 483 12.12 Inductors in Series and Parallel 486 12.13 R-L and R-L-C Circuits with dc Inputs 487 12.14 Energy Stored by an Inductor 490 12.15 Applications 49l 12.16 Computer Analysis 498 13 Sinusoidal AIternating Waveforms 509 13.1 Introduction 509 13.2 Sinusoidal ac Voltage Characteristics and Definitions 510 13.3 The Sine Wave 516 13.4 General Format for the Sinusoidal Voltage or Current 520 13.5 Phase Relations 523 13.6 Average Value 527 13.7 Effective Values 534 13.8 ac Meters and lnstruments 539 13.9 Applications 542 13.10 Computer Analysis 547 14 The Basic Elements and Phasors 559 14.1 Introduction 559 14.2 The Derivative 559 14.3 Response of Basic R, L, and C Elements to a Sinusoidal Voltage or Current 561 14.4 Frequency Response of the Basic Elements 572 14.5 Average Power and Power Factor 576 14.6 Complex Numbers 580 14.7 Rectangular Form 58l 14.8 PolarForm 58l 14.9 Conversion between Forms 582 14.10 Mathematical Operations with Complex Numbers 584 14.11 Calculator and Computer Methods with Complex Numbers 590 14.12 Phasors 592 14.13 Computer Analysis 598 15 Series and Parallel ac Circuits 611 15.l Introduction 611 15.2 Impedance and the Phasor Diagram 611 15.3 Series Configuration 6l8 15.4 Voltage Divider Rule 626 15.5 Frequency Response of the R-C Circuit 629 15.6 Sununary: Series ac Circuits 636 l5.7 Admittance and Susceptance 637 15.8 Parallel ac Networks 64l 15.9 Current Divider Rule 649 15.10 Frequency Response of the Parallel R-L Network 650 15.11 Summary: Parallel ac Networks 655 15.12 Equivalent Circuits 656 15.13 Phase Measurements Dual-Trace Oscilloscope 661 15.14 Applications 664 15.15 Computer Analysis 67l 16 Series-Parallel ac Networks 691 16.1 Introduction 691 16.2 Illustrative Examples 692 16.3 Ladder Networks 70l 16.4 Applications 702 16.5 Computer Analysis 7l0 17 Methods of Analysis and SeIected Topics ac 721 17.1 Introduction 72l 17.2 Independent versus Dependent Controlled Sources 72l 17.3 Source Conversions 723 17.4 Mesh Analysis 725 17.5 Nodal Analysis 732 17.6 Bridge Networks ac 743 17.7 A-Y,Y- Conversions 748 17.8 Computer Analysis 753 18 NetworkTheorems ac 767 18.1 lntroduchon 767 18.2 Superposihon Theorem 767 18.3 Thevenin''''s Theorem 774 18.4 Norton''''s Theorem 786 18.5 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 793 18.6 Substitution, Reciprocity,and Millman''''s Theorems 798 18.7 Applications 798 18.8 Computer Analysis 805 19 Power ac 823 19.1 Introduction 823 19.2 Resistive Circuit 824 19.3 Apparent Power 825 19.4 Inductive Circuit and Reactive Power 827 19.5 Capacitive Circuit 830 19.6 The Power Triangle 83l 19.7 The Total P, Q and S 834 19.8 Power-Factor Correction 838 19.9 Wattmeters and Power-Factor Metes 842 19.10 Effective Resistance 843 19.11 Applications 846 19.12 Computer Analysis 849 20 Resonance 861 20.1 Introduction 86l 20.2 Series Resonant Circuit 862 20.3 The Quality FactOr Q 864 20.4 ZTversus Frequency 866 20.5 Selectivity 868 20.6 VR, VL, and VC 871 20.7 Examples Series Resonance 872 20.8 Parallel Resonant Circuit 875 20.9 Selectivity Curve for Parallel Resonant Circuits 878 20.10 Effect of Ql = l0 881 20.11 Sununary Table 885 20.12 Examples Parallel Resonance 886 20.13 Applications 893 20.14 Computer Analysis 896 21 DecibeIs. Filters. and Bode Plots 907 21.1 Logarithms 907 21.2 Properties of Logarithms 910 21.3 Decibels 9ll 21.4 Filters 9l6 21.5 R-C Low-Pass Filter 918 21.6 R-C High-Pass Filter 923 21.7 Pass-Band Filters 926 21.8 Stop-Band Filters 93l 21.9 Double-Tuned Filter 933 21.10 Bode Plots 934 21.11 Sketching the Bode Response 942 2l.12 Low-Pass Filter with Lindted Attenuation 947 21.l3 High-Pass Filter with Limilted Attenuation 951 21.14 Other Properties and a Summary Table 956 2l.15 Crossover Networks 962 2l.16 Applications 965 21.17 Computer Analysis 970 22 Pulse Waveforms and the RCResponse 985 22.l Introduction 985 22.2 Ideal versus Actual 985 22.3 Pulse Repetition Rate and Duty Cycle 989 22.4 Average Value 992 22.5 Transient R-C Networks 994 22.6 R-C Response to Square-Wave Inputs 996 22.7 Oscilloscope Attenuator and Compensating Probe l003 22.8 Application 1004 22.9 Computer Analysis 1007 23 Polyphase Systems 1015 23.1 Introduction l015 23.2 The Three-Phase Generator l016 23.3 The Y-Connected Generator l0l8 23.4 Phase Sequence Y-Connected Generator l020 23.5 The Y-Connected Generator with aY-Connected Load l02l 23.6 TheY- System l023 23.7 The -Connected Generator l025 23.8 Phase Sequence -Connected Generator l027 23.9 The - , -Y Three-Phase Systems l027 23.10 Power l029 23.11 The Thre-Wattmeter Method l035 23.12 The Two-Wattmeter Method 1036 23.13 Unbalanced Three-Phase, Four-Wire, Y-Connected Load l039 23.14 Unbalanced Three-Phase, Three-Wire, Y-Connected Load l041 23.15 Computer Analysis l044 24 Nonsinusoidal Circuits 1055 24.1 Introduction l055 24.2 Fourier Series l056 24.3 Circuit Response to a Nonsinusoidal Input l066 24.4 Addition and Subtraction of Nonsinusoidal Waveforms l071 24.5 Computer Analysis l072 25 Transformers 1081 25.1 Introduction l08l 25.2 Mutual Inductance 1081 25.3 Series Connection of Mutually Coupled Coils l084 25.4 The Iron-Core Transformer l087 25.5 Reflected lmpedance and Power l090 25.6 Equivalent Circuit Iron-Core Transformer 1093 25.7 Frequency Considerations l095 25.8 Air-Core Transformer 1097 25.9 Impedance Matching, Isolation, and Displacement 1099 25.l0 Nameplate Data 1104 25.11 Types of Transformers 1105 25.12 Tapped and Multiple-Load Transformers 1107 25.13 Networks with Magnetically CoupIed Coils 1108 25.l4 Applications 1109 25.15 Computer Analysis 1114 26 System Analysis: An lntroduction 1121 26.1 Introduction 1121 26.2 The Impedance Parameters Zi and Z. 1122 26.3 The Voltage Gains AVNL, AV'''' and AVT. 1127 26.4 The Current Gains Ai and AiT. and the Power Gain AG 1130 26.5 Cascaded Systems 1134 26.6 Impedance z Parameters 1137 26.7 Admittance y Parameters 1141 26.8 Hybrid h Parameters 1146 26.9 Input and Output Impedances 1150 26.10 Conversion between Parameters 1152 26.11 Coinputer Analysis 1153 Appendixes Appendix A PSpice, C , and MathCAD 1164 Appendix B Conversion Factors 1166 Appendix C Detendnants 1169 Appendix D Color Coding of Molded Mica Capacitors Picofarads 1177 Appendix E Color Coding of Molded Tubular Capacitors Picofarads 1178 Appendix F The Greek Alphabet 1l79 Appendix G Magnetic Parameter Conversions 1180 Appendix H Maximum Power Transfer Conditions 1181 Appendix I Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems l183 Index 1192
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